| 1 |
What is the primary concern regarding the release of chemicals from Personal Care Products (PCPs) into the environment?
|
Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic characteristics |
|
สารเคมีเหล่านี้ถูกปล่อยออกสู่สิ่งแวดล้อมอย่างต่อเนื่อง และหากไม่ได้รับการควบคุมอย่างเหมาะสม สารเคมีเหล่านี้สามารถตกค้างยาวนาน สะสมทางชีวภาพ และเป็นพิษในสิ่งแวดล้อม
|
Personal Care Products (PCPs) contain a wide range of chemicals which cleanse or enhance one’s body appearance. These chemicals are continuously released into the environment, and if not properly regulated, they can be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in the environment. These chemicals are discharged into the environment through direct discharge from industries, hospitals, urban/municipal waste, and inefficient wastewater treatment systems. Previously chemicals in PCPs have not been considered harmful, and their effect on water, humans and the environment have not been investigated. However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals, impacting the endocrine systems and the environment since they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels. A total of 185 PCPs were examined, with 57% of these products classified as skincare, 32% as rinse-off products and 11% as make-up products. Analysis of the database revealed that chemicals which function as fragrances, preservatives and UV-filters were present in 65%, 60% and 58% of the examined PCPs, respectively. Furthermore, the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.33%), linalool (69.17.5%), coumarin (40%), and hexyl cinnamal (38.33%), which are weak allergens. However, alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are fragrances restricted by the IFRA but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs found in South Africa. This indicates the lack of set rules and regulations around PCP labelling and inconsistency in chemical regulation may promote the distribution of harmful chemicals into the environment.
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 2 |
How are PCP chemicals discharged into the environment?
|
Through direct discharge, urban/municipal waste, hospitals, and inefficient wastewater treatment systems |
|
สารเคมีเหล่านี้ถูกปล่อยออกสู่สิ่งแวดล้อมผ่านการปล่อยโดยตรงจากอุตสาหกรรม โรงพยาบาล ของเสียในเมือง/เทศบาล และระบบบำบัดน้ำเสียที่ไม่มีประสิทธิภาพ
|
Personal Care Products (PCPs) contain a wide range of chemicals which cleanse or enhance one’s body appearance. These chemicals are continuously released into the environment, and if not properly regulated, they can be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in the environment. These chemicals are discharged into the environment through direct discharge from industries, hospitals, urban/municipal waste, and inefficient wastewater treatment systems. Previously chemicals in PCPs have not been considered harmful, and their effect on water, humans and the environment have not been investigated. However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals, impacting the endocrine systems and the environment since they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels. A total of 185 PCPs were examined, with 57% of these products classified as skincare, 32% as rinse-off products and 11% as make-up products. Analysis of the database revealed that chemicals which function as fragrances, preservatives and UV-filters were present in 65%, 60% and 58% of the examined PCPs, respectively. Furthermore, the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.33%), linalool (69.17.5%), coumarin (40%), and hexyl cinnamal (38.33%), which are weak allergens. However, alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are fragrances restricted by the IFRA but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs found in South Africa. This indicates the lack of set rules and regulations around PCP labelling and inconsistency in chemical regulation may promote the distribution of harmful chemicals into the environment.
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 3 |
Why are some PCP contaminants referred to as "emerging pollutants"?
|
They accumulate in body tissues and have negative impacts |
|
อย่างไรก็ตาม หลักฐานที่เกิดขึ้นใหม่ชี้ให้เห็นว่าบางส่วนสะสมในเนื้อเยื่อของร่างกายและส่งผลเสียต่อมนุษย์และสัตว์ ส่งผลกระทบต่อระบบต่อมไร้ท่อและสิ่งแวดล้อมเนื่องจากมีการปลดปล่อยออกมาอย่างต่อเนื่องและอาจไม่ทำให้สิ่งแวดล้อมเสื่อมโทรมง่าย
|
Personal Care Products (PCPs) contain a wide range of chemicals which cleanse or enhance one’s body appearance. These chemicals are continuously released into the environment, and if not properly regulated, they can be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in the environment. These chemicals are discharged into the environment through direct discharge from industries, hospitals, urban/municipal waste, and inefficient wastewater treatment systems. Previously chemicals in PCPs have not been considered harmful, and their effect on water, humans and the environment have not been investigated. However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals, impacting the endocrine systems and the environment since they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels. A total of 185 PCPs were examined, with 57% of these products classified as skincare, 32% as rinse-off products and 11% as make-up products. Analysis of the database revealed that chemicals which function as fragrances, preservatives and UV-filters were present in 65%, 60% and 58% of the examined PCPs, respectively. Furthermore, the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.33%), linalool (69.17.5%), coumarin (40%), and hexyl cinnamal (38.33%), which are weak allergens. However, alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are fragrances restricted by the IFRA but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs found in South Africa. This indicates the lack of set rules and regulations around PCP labelling and inconsistency in chemical regulation may promote the distribution of harmful chemicals into the environment.
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 4 |
What is the focus of the study mentioned?
|
Examining the potential toxic chemical ingredients in South African PCPs |
|
วัตถุประสงค์เพื่อตรวจสอบการมีอยู่ของส่วนผสมทางเคมีที่อาจเป็นพิษของ PCP ในแอฟริกาใต้โดยการตรวจสอบฉลากผลิตภัณฑ์ มีการตรวจสอบ PCP ทั้งหมด 185 รายการ
|
Personal Care Products (PCPs) contain a wide range of chemicals which cleanse or enhance one’s body appearance. These chemicals are continuously released into the environment, and if not properly regulated, they can be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in the environment. These chemicals are discharged into the environment through direct discharge from industries, hospitals, urban/municipal waste, and inefficient wastewater treatment systems. Previously chemicals in PCPs have not been considered harmful, and their effect on water, humans and the environment have not been investigated. However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals, impacting the endocrine systems and the environment since they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels. A total of 185 PCPs were examined, with 57% of these products classified as skincare, 32% as rinse-off products and 11% as make-up products. Analysis of the database revealed that chemicals which function as fragrances, preservatives and UV-filters were present in 65%, 60% and 58% of the examined PCPs, respectively. Furthermore, the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.33%), linalool (69.17.5%), coumarin (40%), and hexyl cinnamal (38.33%), which are weak allergens. However, alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are fragrances restricted by the IFRA but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs found in South Africa. This indicates the lack of set rules and regulations around PCP labelling and inconsistency in chemical regulation may promote the distribution of harmful chemicals into the environment.
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 5 |
Essay | Please explain the potential health and environmental consequences of emerging pollutants from Personal Care Products (PCPs). Analyze how persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals released into the environment may affect human health, wildlife, and ecosystems. Additionally, explore the importance of regulating and monitoring PCP ingredients to mitigate adverse impacts.
|
ทำให้สภาพแวดล้อมเสื่อมโทรมและมนุษย์และสัตว์เกิดการสะสมสารพิษที่เป็นอันตรายและอาจเกิดเป็นมะเร็งหรือโรคอื่นๆตามมาได้ |
|
จากการวิเตาระห์บทความ
|
Personal Care Products (PCPs) contain a wide range of chemicals which cleanse or enhance one’s body appearance. These chemicals are continuously released into the environment, and if not properly regulated, they can be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic in the environment. These chemicals are discharged into the environment through direct discharge from industries, hospitals, urban/municipal waste, and inefficient wastewater treatment systems. Previously chemicals in PCPs have not been considered harmful, and their effect on water, humans and the environment have not been investigated. However, emerging evidence suggests that some accumulate in body tissues and negatively impact humans and animals, impacting the endocrine systems and the environment since they are continuously being released and may not degenerate easily the environment. The contaminants are thus called emerging pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of potentially toxic chemical ingredients of PCPs in South Africa by examining the product labels. A total of 185 PCPs were examined, with 57% of these products classified as skincare, 32% as rinse-off products and 11% as make-up products. Analysis of the database revealed that chemicals which function as fragrances, preservatives and UV-filters were present in 65%, 60% and 58% of the examined PCPs, respectively. Furthermore, the most frequently identified fragrances were limonene (73.33%), linalool (69.17.5%), coumarin (40%), and hexyl cinnamal (38.33%), which are weak allergens. However, alpha-isomethyl ionone and butylphenyl methylpropional are fragrances restricted by the IFRA but were found to be present in over 25 PCPs found in South Africa. This indicates the lack of set rules and regulations around PCP labelling and inconsistency in chemical regulation may promote the distribution of harmful chemicals into the environment.
|
10 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 6 |
What does PAT stand for in the context of industrial processes?
|
Process Assessment Technology |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 7 |
Which configurations are commonly used in PAT systems for monitoring manufacturing processes?
|
On-line, above-line, under-line, and inside-line |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 8 |
What is the role of Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs) in PAT systems?
|
Monitoring environmental conditions |
|
|
|
8 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 9 |
Why is data fusion applied in the interpretation of PAT system data?
|
To eliminate the need for spectroscopic instruments |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 10 |
Essay | Please explain the role of Multivariate Statistical Methods (MSMs) in the context of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) systems.
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 11 |
What is the main focus of the Special Issue on Advances in Sample Preparation (Adv. Sample. Prep.)?
|
Chemical processes in industrial applications |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 12 |
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a principle of green analytical chemistry?
|
Hyphenation |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 13 |
What is one of the applications discussed in the Special Issue related to solvent-less techniques?
|
Determination of heavy metals in soil |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 14 |
What does the article on aptamer-based solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry focus on?
|
Evaluation of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluids |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 15 |
Essay | Explain the significance of green analytical chemistry and green sample preparation principles in the context of modern analytical practices.
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 16 |
What is the focus of the developed procedure based on hybrid micellar liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector?
|
Crop yield prediction |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 17 |
Which guideline was followed for the validation of the developed method?
|
EPA/2022/ChemicalAnalysis |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 18 |
What is the limit of quantification (LOQ) range for the analytes under investigation in the developed method?
|
0.09–0.25 mg/Kg |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 19 |
Which pesticide was found to be the most commonly used among vegetable growers in the surveyed area?
|
Profenofos |
|
|
|
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 20 |
Essay | Please explain the significance of monitoring pesticide residues in green leafy vegetables and how it contributes to sustainable agriculture.
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|