โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method is used to determine the weights of factors in a multimodal transportation system?

AHP is employed to determine weights of each factor, which rely on expert judgments. The significant weights of criteria obtained from AHP can be integrated in the objective function of ZOGP which is used to generate the optimal route.

according to the article , This paper develops a decision support model using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and zero-one goal programing (ZOGP) to determine an optimal multimodal transportation route

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary goal of the Zero-One Goal Programming (ZOGP) used in the study?

. The zero-one goal programming (ZOGP) is one of the many approaches that can be used to assist decision makers in solving multiple objective problems regarding the optimization of route selection. The ZOGP model has been applied very frequently because it is simple to use and understand

according to the article , The zero-one goal programming (ZOGP) works with AHP to generate the optimal route

โจทย์ ปรนัย
In the context of multimodal transportation, what does the 'multimodal' aspect refer to?

Multimodal transport is the transportation of goods under a single contract, but performed with at least two different modes of transport

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal_transport

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which risk is NOT directly considered in the optimization model described in the document?

The article doesnt talk about Market Fluctuation Risk

https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/ijcis/125952845/view#sec-s4 4.3. Qualitative Data: Transportation Risk

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary advantage of integrating AHP with ZOGP in the study's methodology?

the AHP-ZOGP outcome that remain robust while changing the input values of the parameters help strengthen the credibility of the model. Therefore, it clearly proves that the proposed AHP-ZOGP is robustness testing and appropriate for route decision-making process.

https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/ijcis/125952845/view#sec-s3 case study and results last sentence

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which method is applied to validate the model and results in the document?

Basically, two main types of Spearmans rank correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient are measured. In this case, Spearman's rank correlation determines the ranked value for each variable, whereas Pearson correlation is used to evaluate the weight score value.

https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/ijcis/125952845/view#disp-formula-FD24 4.7. Result Validation Using Spearman's Rank and Pearson Correlation Coefficient

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does DEA stand for in the context of the document?

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology is use to evaluate the multimodal transportation risks

https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/ijcis/125952845/view#sec-s3

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which type of risk is primarily associated with theft and accidents?

Security risk. The transportation system is a significant consideration in overall transportation planning. Security risk refers to theft from an insider, terrorism, fire, and accidents.

https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/ijcis/125952845/view#disp-formula-FD24 4.3. Qualitative Data: Transportation Risk

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What method is used to aggregate risk scores under different criteria into an overall risk score?

The simple additive weighting (SAW) method is used to aggregate risk scores under different risk criteria into an overall risk score

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9173663 Abstract

โจทย์ ปรนัย
In the risk assessment model, which factor represents the weight of each criterion?

A framework for multimodal route selection was developed consisting of five main phases. The first phase identified the possible multimodal coal transportation routes. The second phase determined the transportation cost and time of each route. The third phase integrated qualitative decision-making, which included risk scores as assessed by experts. The fourth phase determined the weights of criteria by using AHP.

https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/ijcis/125952845/view#sec-s5 5.conclusion

โจทย์ ปรนัย
If the probability rank is 3, impact severity rank is 2, and the route segment ratio is 0.75, what is the risk level (R_ij) according to the formula R_ij = P_ij × C_ij × 4EA_ij?

according to the formula 3x2x0.75 = 4.5

where RAijpk is the risk level of segmented route i of multimodal route j for criteria p by expert k who assesses link Aij . PAijpk is the probability assessment scale rank of Aij . CAijpk is the severity impact assessment scale of Aij . △EAijpk is the ratio between distances of segmented route i and the total distance of multimodal route j .

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Given the FAHP weights for two risks as 0.3 and 0.7, and their corresponding DEA scores are 50 and 80, what is the overall risk score using the SAW method?

50+80 = 130 / 2 = 65

50+80 = 130 / 2 = 65

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary method used for forecasting landslide occurrences in the document?

Through extensive field surveys, we evaluated different geotechnical parameters of soils at the most landslide-prone site along the Highway and augmented it with the satellite remote sensing datasets to determine the threshold values that trigger a landslide and assess the probability of occurrence of landslide events in the future using Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA) model and IBM SPSS Forecasting Model

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010022001809 abstract

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What does LST stand for as used in the document?

Land surface temperature (LST) is directly proportional to the underground water level. It has been used by researchers worldwide to predict and identify potential landslide areas

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010022001809 introduction

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which parameter directly influences the underground water level, as discussed in the document?

The area(Jammu Srinagar National Highway) receives heavy rainfall from January to May, July, and August These months with heavy precipitation are highly vulnerable to rainfall-induced landslides because rainfall is the main factor causing landslides

The area (Jammu Srinagar National Highway)receives heavy rainfall from January to May, July, and August. The area receives heavy precipitation due to the western disturbances, which travel from west-east and encounter first on Himalaya while entering the east. The Himalayas and Trans Himalayas in the north receive heavy precipitation due to these disturbances

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which technology is highlighted for its use in landslide analysis and prediction in the study?

The rapid development of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and the easy integration of other technology into the GIS environment enable users to easy application of several landslide susceptibility mapping models

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323 introduction

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What role does the 'Plasticity Index' play in the context of landslides?

Liquid Limit: The liquid limit of soil is the amount of moisture that changes the plastic state of the soil into a liquid, viscous state The liquid, viscous state of the soil is more prone to slide than the other soil forms. The liquid limit gives the limit value of the moisture, after which the soil becomes loose enough to slide like a liquid.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010022001809 4.4.5. Atterberg limits

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Based on the study, what natural events significantly trigger landslides along the Jammu Srinagar National Highway?

Srinagar National Highway is a sensitive area for landslide .The area has a hilly topography with an average altitude of 2741 m above the mean sea level The climatic conditions and human disturbances have made the area highly prone to landslides

The temperature of the study area ranges from min. -5 °C in winters and 20–28 °C in summer The low temperature is due to several factors, such as terrain, altitude, and predominant winds. The area receives heavy precipitation, both in the form of rain and snowfall, which results in landslides at many places on the National Highway .The area receives heavy rainfall from January to May, July, and August

โจทย์ ปรนัย
Which GIS-based model is NOT mentioned in the study for landslide susceptibility mapping?

GIS-based machine learning algorithms of logistic regression, random forest and decision and regression tree were used to prepare landslide susceptibility maps for a highly landslide-prone area, Chattogram district of Bangladesh

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4 4.conclusion

โจทย์ ปรนัย
What is the primary purpose of landslide susceptibility maps according to the document?

A landslide inventory database of 261 locations and sixteen landslide conditioning factors was used to account for the relationship between landslides and the conditioning factors. Geology alone is the most crucial factor for landslide occurrence in the Chattogram District. Besides, some topographic (elevation, slope and aspect) and hydrologic (TRI and stream density) factors also cause landslides accompanied by geology. Human interventions such as LULC and road construction have a minor impact compared to other factors. The accuracy of LR, RF and DRT models were 0.943, 0.917 and 0.947 respectively for success rate and 0.963, 0.934 and 0.905, respectively for prediction rate. According to the results, DRT produces the most realistic landslide susceptibility map for Chattogram District. According to the models, almost 9–12 % of areas of the Chattogram district are highly susceptible to landslides mainly covering the hilly areas.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023106323#sec4 4.conclusion