1 |
What is the primary goal of contact tracing in public health?
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To stop the spread of diseases by identifying and informing contacts |
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Contact tracing is a public health strategy used to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It’s involves identifying people who have been in close contact with an infected person
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According to the principle of stopping the spread of disease, public health officials can reduce the spread of infectious diseases, thus protecting the community as a whole. This approach is supported by epidemiological models and has been used effectively in outbreaks, including COVID-19, Ebola, and other infectious diseases.
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2 |
During the COVID-19 pandemic, what was one main reason people were motivated to isolate themselves after testing positive?
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To avoid infecting others, particularly vulnerable populations |
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, one reason people choose to self-isolate after testing positive is to prevent the virus from spreading to others, especially those at high risk of becoming seriously ill. At-risk populations, such as the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, can help protect these individuals and reduce overall transmission.
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This is consistent with the public health principle of “do no harm” and the concept of altruism. Altruism in public health refers to the actions of individuals who make sacrifices for the benefit of others. By choosing to self-isolate, infected individuals help protect the community, especially those at highest risk, demonstrating a sense of responsibility and concern for the well-being of others. This principle is often emphasized in public health messages to promote behaviors that reduce the spread of disease and protect vulnerable groups.
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3 |
What method was commonly used for focus group discussions in the study on COVID-19 contact tracing?
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Virtual, synchronous meetings |
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, synchronous virtual meetings have become a popular method for conducting group discussions, particularly in contact tracing research. This method allows participants to join online in real time using video conferencing tools, allowing for interactive and immediate communication while maintaining social distancing, which is important during the pandemic.
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The choice of synchronous virtual meetings is consistent with public health principles to minimize exposure to infectious diseases while maintaining essential functions. This method allows for qualitative data collection in a safe environment, while preserving the interactive and collaborative nature of group discussions. The use of digital communication technologies also reflects an adaptation to the limitations caused by the pandemic, ensuring continuity of research and data collection. In addition, this approach supports the principles of accessibility and inclusion, allowing individuals who may not be able to attend in-person sessions due to health risks or other barriers to participate.
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4 |
What factor did NOT influence the success of case investigation and contact tracing according to the article?
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The color of the quarantine facilities |
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The success of case investigation and contact tracing is primarily dependent on operational and operational aspects, as they directly affect the effectiveness of case identification and isolation, contact tracing, and compliance with public health measures.
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- Availability of testing:This allows for rapid and accurate case identification.
- Public cooperation and participation:These are necessary for contact tracers to collect data and for individuals to comply with quarantine guidelines.
- Political ideology of participants: This can influence trust in public health programs and their willingness to cooperate.
- Access to reliable information:This helps individuals understand the importance of contact tracing and adhere to guidelines correctly.
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5 |
Which demographic factor was reported to affect the experiences and behaviors of individuals regarding CI/CT?
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Type of employment |
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Type of employment affects individuals’ experiences and behaviors in responding to case investigation and contact tracing (CI/CT) due to differences in job security, ability to work from home, and exposure risk.
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Theories on public health and social determinants of health suggest that socioeconomic factors, such as type of employment, shape health behaviors and outcomes. Employment affects access to resources, stress levels, and ability to comply with public health measures, and thus the effectiveness of CI/CT.
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6 |
What did participants report feeling after learning they were exposed to COVID-19?
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Worry about their health and that of their contacts |
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After learning that they have been exposed to or come into contact with COVID-19, people often worry about their own health because the virus is virulent and contagious. This anxiety stems from the fear of spreading the virus to others and the uncertainty about the symptoms of the disease.
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Psychological theories, such as the Health Belief Model, explain that perceived severity and susceptibility to health threats have a significant influence on a person’s emotional and behavioral responses. Learning about exposure to a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease like COVID-19 often induces anxiety and worry, which motivates behaviors to protect oneself and others.
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7 |
What was a common source of information for participants when they learned about their COVID-19 status?
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Family, friends, and healthcare providers |
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Family, friends, and healthcare providers are reliable sources of information, especially during a health crisis. Participants often seek trust and credibility from professionals or people they trust, such as family and friends.
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Social support theory emphasizes the importance of social networks in providing emotional and informational support. In stressful situations, such as learning about a COVID-19 diagnosis, individuals seek reliable information and comfort from those they trust, making family, friends, and healthcare providers their primary source of information.
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8 |
Which of the following was NOT a method for collecting data in the study described?
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Direct observations in homes |
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Direct observations in homes are typically intrusive and logistically challenging, especially during a pandemic when social distancing and minimizing contact are critical.
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Theories and principles of ethical research, such as respect for participants' privacy and the need for feasible and efficient data collection methods, support the preference for less intrusive methods like interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires. These methods allow researchers to gather comprehensive data while maintaining participants' comfort and safety.
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9 |
What ethical considerations were emphasized during the focus group discussions?
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Ensuring privacy and voluntary participation |
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Ensuring privacy and voluntary participation are fundamental ethical principles in research. These principles are of utmost importance in protecting the rights of participants.
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These ethical considerations are consistent with the Belmont Report’s principles of respect for persons, benevolence, and fairness, which are the guidelines for ethical research. Respect for persons emphasizes the need for informed consent and the protection of participants’ right to make their own decisions, while beneficence ensures participants’ well-being by minimizing risks and maximizing benefits. Justice ensures fair treatment and an equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of research.
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10 |
How did the availability of self-tests in 2021 impact the public health response to COVID-19?
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It increased the speed at which people could learn their infection status |
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The introduction of self-testing kits in COVID-19 allowed people to identify their infection status more quickly and conveniently, saving them the time they would have to go to the hospital to get tested for COVID.
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This is consistent with the public health principle of early detection and response, which is critical in managing infectious disease outbreaks. The sooner a person can confirm their infection status, the sooner they can prevent further spread.
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11 |
What is urban ecology primarily concerned with?
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The interactions between urban environments and ecosystems |
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-Interactions and impacts studies how urban development affects biodiversity and green space, and how these elements interact within urban contexts.
-Sustainable urban planning promotes sustainable development practices that enhance human and ecosystem health within cities.
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Consistent with the principles of ecology, which emphasize the interconnectedness of living things and their environments, and the deep interconnectedness of ecosystems and humans, integrating ecological science into urban planning helps create sustainable and resilient urban environments that balance development with the conservation of natural resources.
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12 |
Which continent is noted as rapidly urbanizing within the study?
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Africa |
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Africa is experiencing one of the fastest urbanization rates in the world due to population growth and rural-urban migration.
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This rapid urbanization is consistent with the demographic transition model, which explains how countries move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as economies develop. At the beginning of this transition, urbanization tends to accelerate as people move to cities in search of better economic opportunities, healthcare, and education. Economic development theory also suggests that urbanization is a key driver of economic growth and modernization, especially in developing regions.
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13 |
What significant bias is present in the study of urban ecology in Africa?
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Limited to capital cities |
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Most urban ecology studies in Africa have focused primarily on capital cities, as they are often more resourced and thus more accessible to study.
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14 |
What factor did the study NOT find influencing research efforts in African urban ecology?
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Technological advancements |
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In urban ecology research in Africa, factors such as Gross Domestic Product and the geographic distribution of research are often examined, as they directly impact the environment and research potential. However, technological advances may not be found to have a significant impact on research efforts, due to factors such as the influence of economic and socio-political factors, which play a role in determining research priorities and potential in a region.
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The premise is that research efforts in any region are primarily influenced by funding availability and geographic distribution. While technological advances can facilitate research, they may not be a significant factor in regions where other structural and contextual factors are dominant. This reflects a holistic understanding of research dynamics, which requires consideration of multiple interrelated factors. This selection highlights the importance of context-specific challenges and opportunities in determining scientific research directions, particularly in resource-constrained environments.
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15 |
Which method was used to gather data for the study?
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Literature review and bibliographic searches |
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Given the question, a study of urban ecology in Africa may need to draw on existing data sources to gather information on factors that are important for understanding trends in the study. This method allows researchers to compile data from multiple studies, providing a comprehensive overview without the need for direct observation or experimental intervention.
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Based on the principle of secondary research, which involves gathering and synthesizing existing research rather than generating new data, which is effective for exploring existing knowledge.
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16 |
What does the study suggest is needed for urban ecology research in Africa?
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A reduction in field studies |
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This study may suggest a re-prioritization of research priorities, as urban ecosystems in Africa face challenges that may not be fully addressed. Re-prioritization may involve focusing on localized issues that are important for the ecological and socio-economic well-being of the region. A change in priorities would ensure that research efforts are more closely aligned with the most pressing ecological issues and can more effectively contribute to policy-making and urban development.
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Based on the principles of strategic research planning, which emphasizes the importance of aligning research agendas with regional needs and challenges.
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17 |
Which country was mentioned as having the majority of the studies?
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South Africa |
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South Africa is often highlighted in studies of urban ecology and other scientific research in Africa due to its relatively well-developed research infrastructure, higher funding, and larger number of research institutes compared to other countries.
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It is based on the principle of research resource distribution, which indicates that countries with a more developed research infrastructure, greater financial resources, and a stronger academic presence tend to make greater contributions to a given field of study.
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18 |
How did the study categorize the geographic biases in research?
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Unevenly distributed |
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Studies on urban ecology in Africa have often focused on geographic distribution, which is often unequally distributed. This unequal distribution is often due to factors such as differences in research infrastructure and historical scholarly focus. Some regions have been more intensively studied than others.
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This concept acknowledges that research tends to be concentrated in regions with better resources, leading to uneven presentation of data and findings. This distribution can result in knowledge gaps in lesser-researched areas, which may have different ecological and environmental conditions. Addressing this is crucial to developing a comprehensive understanding of urban ecology across the continent.
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19 |
What is a key recommendation from the study for improving urban ecology research in Africa?
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Encourage transnational collaborations |
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Encourage Transnational collaboration is a good and important suggestion for improving urban ecology research in Africa. Such collaboration can help overcome the limitations of local resources and expertise by pooling knowledge, technology and funding from different countries and institutions.
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The principle of collaborative research, which emphasizes the benefits of interdisciplinary and cross-border collaboration in solving complex scientific problems. In the context of African urban ecology, international collaboration can bridge the gaps in data availability, technical expertise and research infrastructure, resulting in better, more robust and refined results, which also highlights the importance of inclusivity and diversity in research.
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20 |
According to the study, what impacts the number of publications in African urban ecology?
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The GDP of the countries |
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