| 1 |
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A- false
B- false
C- false
D- false |
|
A. False. The development of the soleus muscles is not necessarily more pronounced in sprinter athletes than in marathon athletes. The type of muscle fibers that are more developed in each athlete depends on their training and exercise regimen, as well as their genetics.
B. False. The ratio of mitochondria number per muscle mass is generally higher in the quadriceps muscle than in the gastrocnemius muscle. This is because the quadriceps muscle is more involved in endurance activities, which require more energy from oxidative metabolism.
C. False. The gastrocnemius muscle contains less sarcoplasmic reticulum than the soleus muscle does. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is an organelle in muscle cells that stores calcium ions, which are important for muscle contraction. The gastrocnemius muscle is more involved in fast, powerful movements, so it has less sarcoplasmic reticulum than the soleus muscle, which is more involved in endurance activities.
D. False. Regularly doing endurance exercise for a long period of time can increase the number of oxidative muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle, but it cannot increase the number of glycolytic muscle fibers. Glycolytic muscle fibers are more involved in fast, powerful movements, while oxidative muscle fibers are more involved in endurance activities. |
Zhou Yuhang, Y. Ichihara, Iwasaki, H., A. Priyono, Tatsuya Sawano, Nagata, K., Jun-ichiro Miake, Sakurai, H., & Imamura, T. (2021). Involvement of microRNA-133a-3p with the conversion of muscle fiber type in human skeletal myogenesis. Proceedings for Annual Meeting of the Japanese Pharmacological Society. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/387bf7d322184731f65bf5854f88e74cd3565be5 |
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| 7 |
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A- fasle
B- false
C- true
D- true |
|
A. False. X-rays did not convert a dominant allele (A) on the X chromosome to a recessive allele (a). The information provided in the question does not suggest any change in the genetic makeup of the wild type female or male due to X-ray irradiation. The F1 progeny of the first mating were not mentioned to have any unusual phenotype, indicating that the X-ray irradiation did not affect the dominant allele A on the X chromosome
B. False. The information provided in the question does not suggest that X-rays produced a chromosomal translocation. The F1 progeny of the first mating were not mentioned to have any unusual phenotype, indicating that there was no chromosomal translocation
C. True. The appearance of a loop on one pair of chromosomes during prophase of meiosis 1 in the mated F1 female is a possible explanation for the unusual progeny in the second mating. This loop could have resulted from a crossover between the X chromosome of the irradiated male and the X chromosome of the wild type female. The crossover could have led to the exchange of genetic material between the X chromosomes, resulting in an X chromosome with a recessive allele a in the F1 female. This X chromosome with the recessive allele a could have paired with the X chromosome with the dominant allele A during meiosis, leading to the unusual progeny in the second mating
D. True. If a female from the second mating exhibiting the recessive phenotype (a) was crossed to a wild type male, then her progenies would consist of females and males at the ratio of 2 females to 1 male. This is because the female has one X chromosome with the recessive allele a and one X chromosome with the dominant allele A. The male offspring will inherit the X chromosome with the dominant allele A from the mother and the Y chromosome from the father, making them wild type. The female offspring will inherit either the X chromosome with the dominant allele A or the X chromosome with the recessive allele a from the mother, resulting in a 1:1 ratio of wild type and recessive phenotype |
Abrahamson, S., P. Gullifor, & Sabol, E. (2017). Induction of Translocations in Mature Drosophila Oocytes Over a Dose Range of 10500 Roentgens of X-Rays ( stage-14 oocyte / radiation damage ). Semanticscholar . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/334fe94e3941af1320f93d0b6d09b65e676b810c |
8 |
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| 8 |
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A- false
B- true
C- true |
|
A. False. The figure shows that the largest detectable polypeptides get larger with time, until the full-length protein appears at about 25 minutes. This indicates that the rate of TMV protein synthesis is not exponentially proportional to time.
B. True. The TMV mRNA encodes a 116,000-dalton protein, and the full-length protein appears at about 25 minutes. Therefore, the average rate of protein synthesis is approximately 35 to 40 amino acids per minute, given an average molecular mass of an amino acid of 110 daltons.
C. True. The rabbit reticulocyte lysate contained all components of rabbit reticulocite translational machinery, including methionyl-tRNA synthetase, which is necessary for the incorporation of methionine into the growing polypeptide chain. |
N. Nordholt, N. Nordholt, Heerden, J. V., & Bruggeman, F. (2019). Growth-rate and protein-synthesis dynamics of single Bacillus subtilis cells along their cell-cycle. BioRxiv. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/11b8da7b50928d0bf33a0b290e48508f83c3c359 |
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| 9 |
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| 10 |
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A- false
B- true
C- false
D- true |
|
A. False. There is no evidence in the search results that regularly learning and memorizing activities help to increase the number of brown fat cells. However, some studies suggest that BDNF can play a role in regulating energy balance, including thermogenesis and tissue differentiation.
B. True. According to one study, disruption of BDNF promoters I and II but not IV and VI in mice results in obesity. BDNF-e2 transcripts in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) neurons play a key role in regulating energy intake and satiety through TrkB pathway.
C. False. There is no evidence in the search results that psychological anxiety increases the manifestation of the B-AR. However, one study found that anxiety induced by extra-hypothalamic BDNF deficiency instigates resistance to diet-induced obesity.
D. True. According to one study, B-AR gene-deleted mice will show higher sensitivity to cold. BDNF neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) are activated by environmental cooling and sufficient to induce body temperature increases and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Conversely, blocking these neurons impairs BAT thermogenesis and cold defense, causing body weight gain and glucose intolerance. |
Dijk, G. V. (2012). The role of BDNF in energy metabolism. Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3d8521970c0e68926e642b360406a9ff4694d449
Zhou, Q., Bian, H., Wang, M., Ni, X., Yang, W. Z., Sun, H., & Shen, W. L. (2021). Dorsomedial hypothalamic BDNF neurons integrate thermal afferent signals to control energy expenditure. Semantic Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.11.439314
Di Rosa, M. C., Zimbone, S., Saab, M. W., & Tomasello, M. F. (2021). The Pleiotropic Potential of BDNF beyond Neurons: Implication for a Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body. Life, 11(11), 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111256
Wu, S., & Xu, B. (2022). Rapid and Lasting Effects of Activating BDNF-Expressing PVH Neurons on Energy Balance. Eneuro, 9(2), ENEURO.0009-22.2022. https://doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0009-22.2022
Xie, X., Yang, H., An, J., Liao, G., Xu, Z.-X., Tan, J.-W., & Xu, B. (2018). Anxiety induced by extra-hypothalamic BDNF deficiency instigates resistance to diet-induced obesity. BioRxiv. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3bcfa3bf2294d3a3b1400c059e8873bb80eeb35a |
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| 11 |
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| 12 |
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| 13 |
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A- true
B- false
C- true
D- false |
|
A. True. The expression of SGLT2 gene is positively correlated with urine glucose level and blood glucose also correlates positively with blood pressure. Phlorizin inhibits SGLT2, which reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidney and leads to lower blood glucose levels. Therefore, Group 3 mice, which were diabetic mice injected with phlorizin, would have lower blood glucose levels and, consequently, lower blood pressure than Group 2 mice, which were diabetic mice without phlorizin injection.
B. False. The SGLT2 gene expression levels in the kidneys of Group 2 mice were expected to be higher than those of Group 4 mice because Group 2 mice were diabetic mice without phlorizin injection, and the expression of SGLT2 gene is positively correlated with urine glucose level. However, the statement is asking about the comparison between Group 2 and Group 4 mice, which were both normal mice. Therefore, there should not be a significant difference in SGLT2 gene expression levels between these two groups.
C. True. Phlorizin inhibits SGLT2, which reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidney and leads to more glucose being excreted in the urine. Therefore, Group 1 mice, which were normal mice injected with phlorizin, would have higher urine volume than Group 4 mice, which were normal mice without phlorizin injection.
D. False. The quantity of SGLT2 molecules in the kidney cortex is higher than that in the kidney medulla. SGLT2 is expressed in the proximal tubule of the kidney, which is located in the cortex. Therefore, the statement is incorrect. |
Chen, C. C., Chou, C. H., Lee, S. D., & Wu, C. C. (2016). Effects of phlorizin on metabolic and renal alterations in type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016, 1-10. doi: 10.1155/2016/5782637 |
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| 14 |
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A- True
B- False
C- True
D- False |
|
A. True. PCOS patients are more likely to have acne than healthy people. This is because the increased levels of testosterone in PCOS can cause the sebaceous glands to produce more oil, leading to acne .
B. False. PCOS patients typically have lower levels of progesterone than healthy people. This is because they often do not ovulate regularly, and progesterone is produced by the ovary after ovulation .
C. True. Obese women have a higher risk of PCOS than normal-weight women. This is because obesity can cause insulin resistance, which can lead to increased insulin levels in the blood and stimulate the ovary to produce more testosterone, contributing to the development of PCOS .
D. False. FSH and LH are typically used to stimulate ovulation in women with PCOS who are trying to conceive, rather than to increase the probability of conception. This is because one of the main features of PCOS is chronic failure in ovulation, and FSH and LH can help stimulate the ovary to produce an egg . |
Bahçeci, E., Kaya, C., Karakaş, S., Yıldız, Ş., Hoşgören, M., & Ekin, M. (2021). Serum X-box-binding protein 1 levels in PCOS patients. Gynecological Endocrinology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 37(10), 920–924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2021.1942449
Yufen, L. (2013). Significance of detecting serum sex hormones and cortisol in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/69c4c1b7043ec94183d1e583aa089af033759d66
Zhang, J., Hu, J., Zhang, C., Jiao, Y., Kong, X., & Wang, W. (2018). Analyses of risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15(5), 4259–4264. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5932 |
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| 15 |
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| 16 |
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| 17 |
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| 18 |
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| 19 |
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A- true
B- true
C- false
D- true |
|
A. True. Cardiac output is affected by the stroke volume and the heart rate. During exercise, both of these parameters increase, resulting in an increase in cardiac output. The rate of oxygen consumption increased by six-fold during exercise, and the oxygen difference (A-V) also increased, indicating that more oxygen was being extracted from the blood. Therefore, cardiac output increased by two-fold during exercise.
B. True. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat. During exercise, the heart beats faster and more forcefully, resulting in an increase in stroke volume. The heart rate during exercise was higher than that before exercise, and the rate of oxygen consumption increased by six-fold during exercise. Therefore, stroke volume during exercise was higher than that before exercise.
C. False. The data provided does not support this statement. The oxygen difference (A-V) increased during exercise, indicating that more oxygen was being extracted from the blood. This suggests that hemoglobin's binding for oxygen in tissues was not reduced during exercise, but rather, the tissues were extracting more oxygen from the blood. However, the data does not provide information on the amount of oxygen released to tissues, so it is not possible to determine whether there was a three-fold increase in the amount of oxygen released to tissues.
D. True. Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. To supply a tissue with 3000 mL of oxygen during exercise, the rate of oxygen consumption would be 1500 mL/min (3000 mL ÷ 2 min). The data shows that the heart rate during exercise was 120 beats/min. Therefore, the number of heart beats required to supply a tissue with 3000 mL of oxygen during exercise is 240 (1500 mL/min ÷ 120 beats/min). |
Lodi, E., Modena, M. G., Donati, F., E. Rodighiero, L. Reggianini, & Lodi, G. (2022). 171 SEX AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE: ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL. European Heart Journal Supplements. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d30f3e697402e46467e401962baf4d6c9cd4f878 |
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