| 1 |
What is the primary advantage of using cup lump rubber (CLR) in cold mix asphalt (CMA)?
|
Improves functional properties of the asphalt |
|
The sentence that really solidified my answer is: "The CLR has the potential to be employed as an efficient bio-modifier of bitumen emulsions." This indicates that CLR is used to improve the properties of the bitumen, which is a key component of asphalt. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. So, I think the primary advantage of using cup lump rubber (CLR) in cold mix asphalt (CMA) is 2. Improves Functional Properties Of The Asphalt. I came to this conclusion because the text repeatedly mentions how CLR enhances various properties of the asphalt, such as tensile strength, rutting resistance, moisture susceptibility, and durability. These are all considered functional properties of the asphalt. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 2 |
Which property of CMA is significantly improved by the addition of CLR?
|
Tensile strength |
|
The text explicitly states, "The tensile properties, rutting potential, moisture damage, and durability of CLR in CMA mixture were investigated." This suggests that all these properties were tested to see how CLR affected them. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. The text explicitly states, "The tensile properties, rutting potential, moisture damage, and durability of CLR in CMA mixture were investigated." This suggests that all these properties were tested to see how CLR affected them. Later in the text, it specifically mentions, "The CMA-CR had higher tensile strength than CMA-8 and had almost similar value to CMA-6 in terms of dry and wet ITS." This clearly indicates that tensile strength was improved by adding CLR. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 3 |
If the tensile strength of CMA increases by 26% due to the addition of CLR and the original tensile strength was 5 MPa, what is the new tensile strength?
|
6.3 MPa |
|
To calculate this, we need to find 26% of 5 MPa and then add it to the original value. 26% of 5 MPa is (26/100) * 5 = 1.3 MPa.
Adding this to the original value, we get 5 MPa + 1.3 MPa = 6.3 MPa. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. The sentence that gives us the information about the increase in tensile strength is: "The ITS strength indicates the potential of adhesion and cohesion of bituminous mixtures (Attaran Dovom et al., 2019). In general, the dry ITS strength of bituminous mixtures is higher than that of wet ITS because moisture trapped in the mixture tends to separate aggregates and bitumen, thereby reducing the adhesion strength (Mirabdolazimi et al., 2021)." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 4 |
Given that the rut depth decreases by 70% when CLR is added to CMA and the original rut depth was 10 mm, what is the new rut depth?
|
3 mm |
|
To calculate this, we need to find out what 70% of 10 mm is and then subtract that from the original depth. 70% of 10 mm is (70/100) * 10 = 7 mm. Subtracting this from the original depth, we get 10 mm - 7 mm = 3 mm. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. The sentence that gives us the information about the decrease in rut depth is: "The CMA-CR had the lowest strain and enhanced resistance to deformation compared with CMA-8 and CMA-6. The accumulative strain values were 13,983, 10,566, and 12,875 με for CMA-8, CMA-CR, and CMA-6, respectively (Fig. 9). This finding may be attributed to binder modification with CLR, leading to enhanced elastic behavior of the CMA-CR mixture." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 5 |
If the CMA with CLR has a TSR (Tensile Strength Ratio) value of 104% and the minimum requirement is 80%, by what percentage does the TSR exceed the requirement?
|
30% |
|
To figure this out, we need to find the difference between the actual TSR and the required TSR, then divide that difference by the required TSR to find the percentage increase. The difference between the actual TSR (104%) and the required TSR (80%) is 104% - 80% = 24%.
To find the percentage increase, we divide the difference by the required TSR: 24 / 80 = 0.3.
Converting this to a percentage, we get 0.3 * 100 = 30%. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. The sentence that gives me the information about the TSR requirement is: "The minimum TSR value for the bituminous mixture is 80% as recommended by AASHTO T283 (Usman et al., 2021) because it also passes the minimum criterion for all types of CMA mixtures. The TSR values of CMA-CR and CMA-6 were greater than 100% due to the hydration process of OPC and temperature, as discussed in section 4.2 (Nassar et al., 2018)." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 6 |
What is the potential increase in moisture damage resistance for CMA-CR compared to conventional CMA if the improvement is 12%?
|
12% |
|
The sentence that supports this is: "The TSR results are presented in Fig. 13. The TSR values were 93%, 104%, and 101% for CMA-8, CMA-CR, and CMA-6, respectively. This finding indicated that the resistance of CMA-CR to moisture damage significantly improved by 11.8% with CLR modification. However, the TSR values of CMA-CR were almost similar to those of CMA-6, confirming the upgrading of the penetration grade with CLR modification (Ghafar et al., 2022b, 2022c)." |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. The sentence that supports this is: "The TSR results are presented in Fig. 13. The TSR values were 93%, 104%, and 101% for CMA-8, CMA-CR, and CMA-6, respectively. This finding indicated that the resistance of CMA-CR to moisture damage significantly improved by 11.8% with CLR modification. However, the TSR values of CMA-CR were almost similar to those of CMA-6, confirming the upgrading of the penetration grade with CLR modification (Ghafar et al., 2022b, 2022c)." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 7 |
If the shear resistance of CLR-modified CMA increases due to the membrane effect, which physical property is most directly influenced?
|
Elasticity |
|
The reason for this is that elasticity refers to a material's ability to deform under stress or strain and then return to its original shape. A membrane effect, which is essentially a barrier preventing something from happening, would influence how much a material can deform before returning to its original state. Therefore, elasticity seems to be the most directly impacted property in this case. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. The reason for this is that elasticity refers to a material's ability to deform under stress or strain and then return to its original shape. A membrane effect, which is essentially a barrier preventing something from happening, would influence how much a material can deform before returning to its original state. Therefore, elasticity seems to be the most directly impacted property in this case. While other properties like tensile strength and viscosity might be indirectly affected. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 8 |
The viscosity of CLR-modified bitumen at 135°C is 1.16 Pa·s. If the shear rate is 50 s^-1, what is the shear stress?
|
58 Pa |
|
To calculate shear stress, we use the formula:Shear stress = Viscosity * Shear rate We're given the viscosity as 1.16 Pa·s and the shear rate as 50 s^-1. Plugging these values into the formula:Shear stress = 1.16 Pa·s * 50 s^-1 = 58 Pa Therefore, the shear stress is 58 Pa. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. To calculate shear stress, we use the formula:Shear stress = Viscosity * Shear rate We're given the viscosity as 1.16 Pa·s and the shear rate as 50 s^-1. Plugging these values into the formula:Shear stress = 1.16 Pa·s * 50 s^-1 = 58 Pa Therefore, the shear stress is 58 Pa. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 9 |
If the mass loss in the Cantabro test for CMA-CR is 14.6% and the maximum accepted limit is 20%, by how much does CMA-CR fall below the limit?
|
5.4% |
|
To find this, we simply subtract the actual mass loss from the maximum allowed mass loss. Maximum allowed mass loss - Actual mass loss = Difference 20% - 14.6% = 5.4% Therefore, CMA-CR falls below the limit by 5.4%. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. To find this, we simply subtract the actual mass loss from the maximum allowed mass loss. Maximum allowed mass loss - Actual mass loss = Difference 20% - 14.6% = 5.4% Therefore, CMA-CR falls below the limit by 5.4%. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 10 |
What is the significance of using cup lump rubber in the context of environmental sustainability?
|
It helps in lowering carbon emissions during production. |
|
The text mentions that cold mix asphalt (CMA) is a measure initiated by the road industry to protect the environment and preserve energy. It also states that CMA can be fabricated at ambient temperature, resulting in six times less energy consumption compared to HMA production. Using cup lump rubber as a modifier in CMA aligns with this environmental focus. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name Mechanical performance of cold mix asphalt containing cup lump rubber as a sustainable bio-modifier by Syed Abdul Ghafar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, Norhidayah Abdul Hassan, Zulfiqar Ali Jattak and Ashraf Abdalla Mohammed Radwan. While the text doesn't explicitly state "lowering carbon emissions," it implies this by emphasizing energy conservation and environmental protection. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 11 |
What is one of the emerging trends affecting China's oil and gas pipeline development strategies?
|
Digitization |
|
The sentence that helped me figure this out is: "Emerging trends in digitization, intelligence, and low-carbon transition have significantly affected China's oil and gas pipeline development strategies." |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. The sentence that helped me figure this out is: "Emerging trends in digitization, intelligence, and low-carbon transition have significantly affected China's oil and gas pipeline development strategies." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 12 |
What is the proportion of natural gas pipelines in the total length of long-distance oil and gas pipelines in China as of 2022?
|
60% |
|
The sentence that helps me figure this out is: "As of 2022, the length of long-distance oil and gas pipelines built in China will reach 180,000 km, of which natural gas pipelines account for more than 60%." |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. The sentence that helps me figure this out is: "As of 2022, the length of long-distance oil and gas pipelines built in China will reach 180,000 km, of which natural gas pipelines account for more than 60%." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 13 |
If the total length of long-distance oil and gas pipelines in China is 180,000 km, how many kilometers are dedicated to natural gas pipelines?
|
108,000 km |
|
I know that natural gas pipelines make up more than 60% of the total 180,000 km of long-distance oil and gas pipelines in China. To find out exactly how many kilometers are dedicated to natural gas pipelines, we can multiply the total length by 60%: 180,000 km * 60% = 108,000 km So, I think the answer is 108,000 km. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know that natural gas pipelines make up more than 60% of the total 180,000 km of long-distance oil and gas pipelines in China. To find out exactly how many kilometers are dedicated to natural gas pipelines, we can multiply the total length by 60%: 180,000 km * 60% = 108,000 km So, I think the answer is 108,000 km. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 14 |
According to the article, if the target length for oil and gas pipelines is 210,000 km by 2025, how many kilometers need to be constructed from the 2022 total?
|
30,000 km |
|
I know the total length of oil and gas pipelines in 2022 is 180,000 km, and the target for 2025 is 210,000 km. To find out the difference, we subtract the 2022 total from the 2025 target: 210,000 km - 180,000 km = 30,000 km So, I think the answer is 30,000 km. This means that 30,000 km of new pipelines need to be constructed between 2022 and 2025 to reach the target. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know the total length of oil and gas pipelines in 2022 is 180,000 km, and the target for 2025 is 210,000 km. To find out the difference, we subtract the 2022 total from the 2025 target: 210,000 km - 180,000 km = 30,000 km So, I think the answer is 30,000 km. This means that 30,000 km of new pipelines need to be constructed between 2022 and 2025 to reach the target. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 15 |
If the failure rate of oil and gas pipelines in Europe is 0.29 per year per hundred kilometers, what is the failure rate per year for a pipeline network of 1,000 kilometers?
|
2.9 failures |
|
I know that the failure rate in Europe is 0.29 per year for every 100 kilometers of pipeline. To find the failure rate for a 1,000 kilometer pipeline, we need to figure out how many times 100 kilometers fits into 1,000 kilometers. That's 10 times. So, if there are 0.29 failures per 100 kilometers, there would be 0.29 * 10 = 2.9 failures for a 1,000 kilometer pipeline. Therefore, the answer is 2.9 failures. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know that the failure rate in Europe is 0.29 per year for every 100 kilometers of pipeline. To find the failure rate for a 1,000 kilometer pipeline, we need to figure out how many times 100 kilometers fits into 1,000 kilometers. That's 10 times. So, if there are 0.29 failures per 100 kilometers, there would be 0.29 * 10 = 2.9 failures for a 1,000 kilometer pipeline. Therefore, the answer is 2.9 failures. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 16 |
What is one of the main causes of oil and gas pipeline failures in China according to the article?
|
Oil theft through drilling |
|
The sentence that helped me figure this out is: "Construction damage and oil theft through drilling are the leading causes of China's oil and gas pipeline failures." |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. The sentence that helped me figure this out is: "Construction damage and oil theft through drilling are the leading causes of China's oil and gas pipeline failures." |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 17 |
Assuming the failure rate in the United States is 0.14 per year per hundred kilometers, calculate the expected number of failures per year for a 1,500 kilometers pipeline network.
|
2.1 failures |
|
I know the failure rate in the US is 0.14 per year for every 100 kilometers of pipeline. To find the failure rate for a 1,500 kilometer pipeline, we first need to figure out how many times 100 kilometers fit into 1,500 kilometers. That's 15 times. So, if there are 0.14 failures per 100 kilometers, there would be 0.14 * 15 = 2.1 failures for a 1,500 kilometer pipeline. Therefore, the answer is 2.1 failures. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know the failure rate in the US is 0.14 per year for every 100 kilometers of pipeline. To find the failure rate for a 1,500 kilometer pipeline, we first need to figure out how many times 100 kilometers fit into 1,500 kilometers. That's 15 times. So, if there are 0.14 failures per 100 kilometers, there would be 0.14 * 15 = 2.1 failures for a 1,500 kilometer pipeline. Therefore, the answer is 2.1 failures. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 18 |
If a pipeline defect inspection technology improves detection efficiency by 25% and the current detection efficiency is 80%, what will be the new detection efficiency?
|
100% |
|
I know the current detection efficiency is 80% and it's going to improve by 25%. First, we need to find out what 25% of 80 is. That's 80 * 0.25 = 20. So, the detection efficiency will increase by 20%. To find the new efficiency, we add the increase to the original efficiency: 80 + 20 = 100. Therefore, the new detection efficiency will be 100%. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know the current detection efficiency is 80% and it's going to improve by 25%. First, we need to find out what 25% of 80 is. That's 80 * 0.25 = 20. So, the detection efficiency will increase by 20%. To find the new efficiency, we add the increase to the original efficiency: 80 + 20 = 100. Therefore, the new detection efficiency will be 100%. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 19 |
If a vibration signal monitoring system faces a 15% reduction in noise levels due to a new technology and the original noise level was 200 units, what is the new noise level?
|
170 units |
|
I know the original noise level is 200 units and it's going to reduce by 15%. First, we need to find out what 15% of 200 is. That's 200 * 0.15 = 30. So, the noise level will decrease by 30 units. To find the new noise level, we subtract the decrease from the original level: 200 - 30 = 170. Therefore, the new noise level is 170 units. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know the original noise level is 200 units and it's going to reduce by 15%. First, we need to find out what 15% of 200 is. That's 200 * 0.15 = 30. So, the noise level will decrease by 30 units. To find the new noise level, we subtract the decrease from the original level: 200 - 30 = 170. Therefore, the new noise level is 170 units. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|
| 20 |
For a hydrogen pipeline with an embrittlement rate of 0.05% per year, calculate the total embrittlement after 10 years.
|
0.5% |
|
I know the embrittlement rate for the hydrogen pipeline is 0.05% per year. To find the total embrittlement after 10 years, we multiply the yearly rate by the number of years: 0.05% * 10 = 0.5%. So, I think the answer is 0.5%. |
By using critical things way and study from the scientific paper name An overview of the oil and gas pipeline safety in China by Houjia Xu, Yuntao Li, Taotao Zhou, Fengyi Lan and Laibin Zhang. I know the embrittlement rate for the hydrogen pipeline is 0.05% per year. To find the total embrittlement after 10 years, we multiply the yearly rate by the number of years: 0.05% * 10 = 0.5%. So, I think the answer is 0.5%. |
7 |
-.50
-.25
+.25
เต็ม
0
-35%
+30%
+35%
|