| 1 |
What is the primary function of AI in the medical imaging industry?
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To improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes |
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AI applications in medical imaging have been shown to reduce misdiagnosis rates and improve patient outcomes by ensuring early and accurate detection of diseases like cancer and cardiovascular conditions
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This aligns with the AI-driven healthcare transformation model, which highlights the ability of AI to enhance clinical workflows, improve efficiency, and reduce diagnostic errors, ultimately benefiting patient care. |
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| 2 |
Which of the following is a key benefit of AI in radiology noted in the article?
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Acts as a second medical opinion |
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AI systems assist radiologists by providing preliminary diagnostic interpretations, allowing for faster and more accurate image analysis. |
This aligns with Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) Theory, which highlights the role of AI in augmenting human expertise to reduce errors, improve efficiency, and enhance patient outcomes. |
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| 3 |
What does AI literacy refer to according to the article?
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Understanding and knowledge of AI technology |
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It measures how well healthcare professionals comprehend AI's capabilities, limitations, and integration within clinical workflows. |
This aligns with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which suggests that greater understanding of a technology improves user trust, perceived usefulness, and adoption rates. |
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| 4 |
Which factor is NOT listed as influencing the acceptability of AI among healthcare professionals?
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The color of the AI machines |
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Trust in AI systems – Professionals are more likely to accept AI if they trust its reliability, accuracy, and fairness. |
This aligns with Technology Acceptance Models (TAM and UTAUT), which emphasize perceived usefulness, ease of use, and trust as primary factors driving AI adoption in healthcare settings. |
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| 5 |
What role does social influence play in AI acceptability in healthcare according to the article?
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None of the above |
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Social influence refers to how colleagues, department heads, and hospital leadership shape a healthcare professional’s perception of AI. |
This aligns with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), which states that social influence plays a critical role in determining whether individuals adopt new technologies. |
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| 6 |
What is a perceived threat regarding AI usage in healthcare settings?
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Concerns about replacing healthcare professionals |
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AI systems in healthcare are increasingly being used for diagnostic imaging, predictive analytics, robotic surgery, and patient monitoring, raising concerns that they may eventually replace human professionals in certain roles. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Diffusion of Innovations Theory suggest that perceived job displacement and lack of control over decision-making negatively impact AI adoption among healthcare professionals. This is further supported by the sociotechnical perspective, which highlights that AI must align with the norms, values, and work practices of professionals to gain acceptance. |
The scoping review by Hua et al. (2024) emphasizes that AI acceptability in medical imaging is significantly influenced by user trust, professional autonomy, and perceived threat to professional roles. Many healthcare workers fear that AI could devalue their expertise, reduce human oversight, or automate tasks traditionally requiring medical judgment, leading to resistance in adoption
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Thus, concerns about AI replacing healthcare professionals remain a key perceived threat, impacting AI's integration into clinical workflows and overall healthcare delivery. |
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| 7 |
According to the article, what is essential for increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals?
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Designing human-centred AI systems |
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The article emphasizes that increasing AI acceptability among medical professionals requires a human-centred approach. This means AI systems should be designed to be accessible to users with varying levels of AI literacy, integrate smoothly into clinical workflows, and align with institutional, cultural, ethical, and safety norms. High algorithmic performance alone is not enough; AI needs to be user-friendly, explainable, and beneficial within healthcare professionals' daily practices
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This aligns with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Human-Centred Design (HCD) principles, which stress that usability, perceived usefulness, and ease of integration are essential for adoption. AI should not disrupt existing workflows but rather enhance them in a way that professionals find intuitive and beneficial
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| 8 |
What does the 'system usage' category of AI acceptability factors include according to the article?
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Factors like value proposition and integration with workflows |
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The article categorizes AI acceptability factors into different themes, and under system usage. |
This aligns with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which suggest that perceived usefulness and ease of integration are critical for the adoption of AI. The article emphasizes that healthcare professionals are more likely to accept AI when it adds clear value and integrates smoothly into their workflows
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| 9 |
How does ethicality impact AI acceptability among healthcare professionals?
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Affects views on AI based on compatibility with professional values |
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Ethicality is a key factor influencing AI acceptability among healthcare professionals because it directly impacts their trust and willingness to integrate AI into their practice. |
This aligns with the Principle of Beneficence in Medical Ethics, which states that healthcare interventions (including AI) should prioritize patient well-being. If AI systems fail to meet ethical standards, professionals may resist adoption, fearing negative consequences for patient care and professional integrity
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| 10 |
What methodological approach did the article emphasize for future AI acceptability studies?
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Considering user experience and system integration deeply |
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The article emphasizes that future AI acceptability studies should focus on user experience, system integration, and human-AI collaboration rather than solely on algorithmic performance or economic factors. |
This aligns with Human-Centered Design (HCD) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which suggest that usability, workflow integration, and professional trust are key factors in AI adoption. The article argues that over-reliance on surveys and hypothetical scenarios limits the practical insights necessary for successful AI implementation
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| 11 |
What is the primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells in treating Parkinson’s disease?
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To replace lost dopamine neurons. |
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The primary objective of using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in treating Parkinson’s disease (PD) is to replace lost dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons, particularly those in the substantia nigra, leading to motor impairments such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The goal of stem cell therapy is to restore dopamine function by transplanting stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons into the affected brain areas
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The concept of dopaminergic cell replacement therapy is based on previous successful preclinical studies, which demonstrated that hESC-derived dopamine neurons can integrate into the host brain, survive long-term, and restore motor function. The article highlights that the STEM-PD clinical trial was designed specifically to address dopamine neuron loss using stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells, ensuring they develop into functional dopamine-producing neurons post-transplantation
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| 12 |
Which animal was used to test the STEM-PD product for safety and efficacy?
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Rats |
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The STEM-PD product was tested for safety and efficacy using athymic nude rats as the primary animal model. |
Rodents, particularly rats, are commonly used in Parkinson’s disease research because they allow for precise lesioning of the dopamine system, making them an ideal model for testing cell-based therapies. The study found that STEM-PD cells successfully integrated, survived long-term, and restored motor function in rats
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| 13 |
What was the duration of the preclinical safety study in rats mentioned in the article?
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9 months |
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The preclinical safety study of the STEM-PD product in athymic nude rats lasted 9 months (39 weeks). |
Long-term preclinical studies are essential in regenerative medicine to evaluate safety, efficacy, and potential risks before human trials. The 39-week study confirmed that STEM-PD cells did not cause tumors, were well-tolerated, and restored motor function in Parkinson’s disease rats, paving the way for the first-in-human clinical trial
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| 14 |
What is the name of the clinical trial phase mentioned for STEM-PD?
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Phase I/IIa |
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The STEM-PD clinical trial is classified as a Phase I/IIa trial. This trial is designed to assess the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells in patients with moderate Parkinson’s disease (PD). |
Main Theory & Reference in Answer
Phase I/IIa trials are early-stage clinical studies that focus on safety while gathering preliminary efficacy data. This aligns with regenerative medicine guidelines, which require long-term follow-ups for cell-based therapies. The STEM-PD trial follows a staggered dosing approach, with safety evaluations at multiple intervals before proceeding to higher doses
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| 15 |
How is the STEM-PD product manufactured?
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Under non-GMP conditions |
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The STEM-PD product is manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant conditions to ensure safety, reproducibility, and regulatory compliance. |
Manufacturing under GMP standards is essential for cell-based therapies, ensuring that stem-cell-derived products meet regulatory requirements for safety and efficacy. The EU Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) regulation mandates GMP compliance for clinical-grade stem cell products like STEM-PD
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| 16 |
According to the article, what confirmed the safety of the STEM-PD product in rats?
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There were no adverse effects or tumor formation. |
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The preclinical safety study of the STEM-PD product in athymic nude rats found no treatment-related adverse effects, no tumor formation, and no detectable biodistribution outside of the transplant region. |
The Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) safety study followed strict regulatory guidelines to confirm safety and stability before advancing to human clinical trials. This aligns with current standards in regenerative medicine, ensuring cell-based therapies are safe, non-tumorigenic, and localized
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| 17 |
What key finding was noted in the efficacy study of STEM-PD in rats?
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Transplanted cells reversed motor deficits in rats. |
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The efficacy study of the STEM-PD product in rats demonstrated that transplanted dopaminergic progenitor cells successfully integrated into the host brain and restored motor function. |
This aligns with dopaminergic cell replacement therapy principles, which suggest that functional DA neuron integration can restore lost motor function in Parkinson’s disease models. The study confirmed that STEM-PD transplants led to robust DAergic innervation and behavioral recovery, validating their therapeutic potential
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| 18 |
What specific markers were used to assess the purity of the STEM-PD batch?
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FOXA2 and OTX2 |
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FOXA2/OTX2 Double-Positive Cells – The batch release specification required ≥70% of the cells to be FOXA2+/OTX2+, confirming correct differentiation towards a midbrain dopaminergic (DA) lineage. |
FOXA2 and OTX2 are definitive markers of ventral midbrain DA progenitors, critical for producing functional dopaminergic neurons. These markers ensure that STEM-PD cells are suitable for transplantation and have the potential to restore dopamine function in Parkinson’s disease models
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| 19 |
What role do growth factors like FGF8b and SHH play in the manufacturing process of STEM-PD?
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They are used in cell patterning for specific neural fates. |
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The growth factors FGF8b and SHH play a crucial role in the cell patterning process during the manufacturing of STEM-PD by directing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) towards a ventral midbrain dopaminergic (DA) fate. |
This approach follows developmental biology principles, where SHH and FGF8b are known to drive dopaminergic neuron specification in the embryonic midbrain. The article confirms that STEM-PD manufacturing relies on a highly controlled differentiation protocol, ensuring precise neural patterning for clinical applications
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| 20 |
What was a key outcome measured in the preclinical trials for efficacy in rats?
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Recovery of motor function |
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The key outcome measured in the preclinical efficacy trials of STEM-PD in rats was motor function recovery. The study evaluated:
Amphetamine-Induced Rotation Test – Used to measure motor asymmetry in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned Parkinson’s disease rats before and after transplantation.
Reduction in Rotation Scores – Before transplantation, rats showed high net rotational scores (turns/min), indicating severe motor dysfunction. By 24 weeks post-transplantation, rats that received STEM-PD cell grafts showed a statistically significant reduction in rotational asymmetry, indicating functional recovery.
Dopaminergic Neuron Integration – Histological analysis confirmed that transplanted dopamine neurons survived, integrated, and re-innervated the host brain, leading to improvements in movement control
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This finding supports the dopaminergic cell replacement therapy concept, where functional dopaminergic neuron grafts restore deficient dopamine levels in the striatum, leading to motor improvement. The study confirmed that STEM-PD cells provided robust and reproducible motor function recovery, supporting their potential for clinical application in Parkinson’s disease treatment. |
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